Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills - 942 Words

Sociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills (1959) â€Å"enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals† (p.5) Mills in this book of The Sociological Imagination explains how society shapes the people. Mills wants people to be able to use sociological imagination to see things in a sociology point of view, so they can know the difference between personal troubles versus personal issues. Personal troubles and public issues help understand the historical and social structures. Personal troubles are within the person’s private life in which the person may feel threatened to share with others (p.8). Personal issues affect everyone because its consider being a â€Å"public matter† it affects not only the person but society. C. Mills Wright considers personal troubles a private matter because of how the individual cherishes their values and they feel that they can be threatened. Two personal troubles that I have are stress and family problems. When it comes to stress its more about freaking out about every little thing. For example, school plays a big factor in my personal troubles, that I call stress for the reason that I personally feel like I don’t study enough or I over think it. Days prior to test I stress out since I know what to expect, which is to freak out and over think what I’ve studied. Some may feel that stress is easy to get over, but at times it has moreShow MoreRelatedThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills857 Words   |  4 PagesThe sociological imagination is simply the act of having the capacity to think ourselves away from the commonplace schedules of our day by day lives keeping in mind the end goal to take a gander at them with a new perspective. C. Wright Mi lls, who made the idea and composed a book about it, characterized the sociological creative ability as the clear attention to the connection amongst encounter and the more extensive society. The sociological imagination is the capacity to see things sociallyRead MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills969 Words   |  4 Pages C. Wright Mills defined sociological imagination as the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society. Understanding and being able to exercise the sociological imagination helps us understand the relationship between the individual and society. Mills focuses on the distinction between personal troubles and public issues. Having sociological imagination is critical for individual people and societies at large to understand. It is important that people areRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills907 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual s life a person will experience what C. Wright Mills refers to as the trap. The trap alludes to a person that can only see and understand their own small scope of life. Their frame of reference is limited to their day to day life and personal experiences that are directly related to them, they cannot see the bigger picture. They do not yet know that the sociological imagination can set them free from this trap and as C. Wright Mills said, In many ways it is a terrible lesson; in manyRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills1315 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. This is its task and its promise.† C. Wright Mills writes about the sociological imagination in an attempt to have society become aware of the relationship between one’s personal experience in comparison to the wider society. By employing the sociological imagination into the real world, individuals are forced to perceive, from a neutral position, so cial structures that, inRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills986 Words   |  4 PagesMills Chapter Summary â€Å"Yet Men do not usually define the troubles they endure in terms of historical change and institution contradiction.† Stated from chapter one of â€Å"The Classic Readings in Sociology† which was based on â€Å"The Sociology Imagination† by C. Wright Mills. As our Sociology 131 class study the works of C. Wright Mills, we learn and examine his views. We learn how he view other things such as marriage, war, and the limitations of men. His view of war is that both sides playRead MoreSociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesI SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION CONCEPTUALIZATION As conceived by C. Wright Mills, sociological imagination is the mental ability to establish intelligible relations among social structure and personal biography that is observing and seeing the impact of society over our private lives. Sociological imagination helps an individual to understand on a much larger scale the meaning and effect of society on of one’s daily life experience. People blame themselves for their own personal problems and they themselvesRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills799 Words   |  4 Pages The sociological imagination, a concept used by C. Wright Mills, is essentially the ability to perceive a situation or act in a much larger social context as well as examining the situation or act from many perspectives. In particular, it plays a paramount role in Donna Gaines Teenage Wasteland. It is a tragic story of 4 teens who together, committed suicide. The teens were deemed as â€Å"dropouts, druggies† [Teenage Wasteland 8.2 ] by newspapers and were still treated with disdain even after theirRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills1822 Words   |  8 PagesC. Wright Mills defines the sociological imagination as, â€Å"what they need, and what they feel they need, is a quality of mind that will help them to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what is going on in the world and of what may be happening within themselves†. Mills also says that the sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. When I read Chapter One: The Promise from C. WrightRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills1692 Words   |  7 Pagesentire life, can be determined by examining his or her intellect, high school performance, and talents. However, C. Wright Mills proposes a new approach to this idea in his work, â€Å"The Promise.† Mills presents an idea known as the sociological imagination, which examines society on a larger scale to better grasp an individual’s life circumstances (Mills 2). The sociological imagination examines the role of social forces on the lives of individuals (Butler-Sweet, September 5, 2017). For example,Read MoreSociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills1762 Words   |  8 Pages 10/11/2017 ID 100602667 Soc. 1 FY40 Sociological Imagination The Sociological Imagination, by C. Wright Mills, was a statement that questioned the developing field of sociology, challenging sociologists and the public to take seriously the rise of elites and the decline of American democracy, American community, and American equality. Mills argues that the sociological imagination is a quality of mind necessary to the understanding of the human condition

Comparing Religious Archetypes in Moby Dick, Billy Budd,...

Religious Archetypes in Moby Dick, Billy Budd, and Bartleby the Scrivener Herman Melvilles use of Biblical overtones gives extra dimensions to his works. Themes in his stories parallel those in the Bible to teach about good and evil. Melville emphasizes his characters qualities by drawing allusions, and in doing so makes them appear larger than life. In the same way that the Bible teaches lessons about life, Herman Melvilles stories teach lessons about the light and dark sides of human nature. He places his readers in situations that force them to identify with right or wrong choices. In Moby Dick, Billy Budd, and Bartleby the Scrivener, Melville encourages his readers to learn from his explanations of human nature†¦show more content†¦He constantly invests his time and jeopardizes his crews lives in his effort to confront his faulty God. Because of his need for religious comfort, Ahab turns the whaling voyage into a personal quest, using his crew as a tool for revenge. Melville parallels his work to The Bible to raise the character of Ahab to a higher level. The Bible is known to most readers around the world. Its lessons and values teach people how to lead moral and virtuous lives. Ahabs nature and obsession demonstrate his evil, but comparing him to the Biblical King who sinned against God and poorly ruled Gods people makes Captain Ahabs evil represent an extreme of human nature. In declaring Moby Dick not only ubiquitous, but immortal (for immorality is but ubiquity in time) (Moby 181), Melville shows how Moby Dick appears to be God-like. As the real God watches over all his people no matter where they are, Moby Dick is found everywhere at the same time. The words of Melvilles Elijah in Moby Dick parallel the prophecies of the Biblical prophet Elijah. After King Ahab led the Israelites to worship Baal, Elijah, who was the predominant prophet of the time, acted in open opposition (Douglas 24). He was forced to work alone to prove to the people that their actions were wrong. With all the Israelites assembled at Mount Carmel, Elijah proves that the profits of Baal are false profits and that Baal is a false god. This leads the Israelites back to the worship of God.

International Marketing Wal-Mart in Complex Patterns

Question: Discuss about the International marketing for Wal-Mart in Complex patterns. Answer: Introduction There are complex patterns of change that affect the global marketplace. International marketing refers to marketing activities coordinated and integrated across different country markets. According to Khanna and Palepu, (2013, p. 400), marketing involves placing the consumer's needs at the center of organizational operations to provide a firm base for success in the fast moving world of international marketing. As per Doodle and Robin, (2009, p. 25) global marketing strategy aims at leveraging the assets, products, and experience of a company globally in respect to different cultures in different countries. Wal-Mart, the United States based company, was established in 1962 by Sam Walton and his brother. Since its inception, Wal-Mart has created more that 1,000 discount stores in the US as well as introducing customer self-service based innovative concepts. The company deals with the supply of quality items some of which include automotive products, home furnishings, electronics, hardware, jewelry, and housewares among other thousands of items. The Wal-Mart case study (2014, p. 540) reveals that the management of Wal-Mart decided to extent its operations internationally specifically in Mexico. Currently, Wal-Mart operates its retail stores in at least thirteen global markets outside the US borders. The purpose of this report is to analyze and assess the critical issues in international marketing strategy, international marketing decisions, and activities that faced Wal-Mart after the companys decision to go internationally. The Reasons for Wal-Marts Decision to go Global Wal-Mart decided to expand its operations globally to Mexico in the 1990s. The management used foreign market entry strategies namely acquisitions, joint ventures, and wholly owned subsidiaries. Luo and Wang, (2012, p. 250) states that Wal-Mart used joint venture strategy to enter the Mexican market through a Mexican company Cifra. The main reason that made the management of Wal-Mart company fall on the decision of expanding its retail stores globally to the Mexican market as discussed below. Stiff Competition in the US Markets Over the years, Wal-Mart had been experiencing stiff competition from K-Mart and Target companies in the market environment. David Glass, who got appointed the CEO of Wal-Mart in 1988 had tried to start a hypermarket for the business in the USA in an attempt to win more customers and firmly position the company in the US market. However, this did not work. Further, the CEO bought out Cellum's stake in the joint venture to boost the profitability, which never achieved the objective of creating a competitive advantage over the rival firms K-Mart and Target. On the other hand, Graff, (2006, p. 55) reported that K-Mart and Target adopted the use of aggressive expansion and therefore posing competition to the company. As a result of the high competition from K-Mart, Wal-Mart's market share in the US kept deteriorating and this necessitated the management's decision to expand its operations to Mexico. The management of Wal-Mart believed that entering Mexico through a joint venture with Cifra would enable the firm establish a customer base within Mexico and therefore, creating a competitive advantage over Target and K-mart. Graff, (2006, p. 64) argues that the company intended to match its operations and prove to the upcoming rivals that it could still compete outside the United States. Wal-Mart transferred its information systems, logistics, and management expertise across all its retail stores both in the US and Mexico markets in an attempt to create a competitive advantage over the key rivals. To Diversify its Operations to the World Markets In the supply of high-quality automotive, hardware, jewellery, beauty products and many other commodities in the hypermarkets located in the US, Wal-Mart carried out a market research that revealed the US market was not enough to consume their products. In Grant, et al., (2014, p. 5) research, the management realized that confining the companies operations to the US markets meant missing the many potential opportunities for creating broader markets elsewhere beyond the United States borders since the US markets representation only a small percentage of the overall customer base. Within the US market environment, Wal-Mart could not exploit its maximum potential in the provision of good and services since as per its capacity, the productivity level exceeded the consumers and this surplus assets needed a market for its consumption. Further, Wal-Mart wanted to diversify the business culture, language, and legal environment. According to Doodle and Robin, (2009, p. 30), the management of Wal-Mart saw this as an excellent investment zone where they could establish its business operations. Wal-Mart needed to diversify its operations and fame in global markets where it could make more profits and remain stable regarding capital base. With the strong capital base, Wal-Mart's company managers were sure that the firm would be able to adapt to the foreign business culture, language, and governmental regulations about the retail industry. Globalization and Liberalization With the establishment of liberalization and globalization in the retail sector, Wal-Mart became able to launch new markets and to create chances for discount stores across the world. Berthon, et al., (2012, p. 265) argues that the company pursued aggressive globalization and found out that with the advancement of technologies, there were unexploited market opportunities in the world that needed its attention. Further, the management of the company learned that to survive, Wal-Mart needed to expand its operations towards the international arena. With increased liberalization, the company needed to show high sales and profits that could satisfy the high demands of the capital markets such as that existing in Mexico by then. The emerging technologies under the liberalization sector which led to increased cultural homogenization and removal of trade barriers made Wal-Mart decide to go globally. The emerging retail markets offered low levels of disposable income, and this also necessitated Wal-Mart's decision to expand its operation to Mexico. Further, Christopherson, (2007, p. 455) argued that other world retail companies had made a step forward and capitalized on growth opportunities mainly brought to the economy by the rapid expansion of technology. Wal-Mart wide coverage in the US domestic markets meant that limiting its operations in the local market made the company miss a huge percentage of the world's market. Wal-Mart Decision to entering German Market Usually, the similar cultural affinity, language and legal environment between the United States and the United Kingdom made most American firms first to target the UK. Contrarily, Wal-Mart decided to enter the Germany market industry first, a decision that surprised the analysts. According to Falconbridge and Muzio, (2014, p. 38), the market analysts got surprised of Wal-Marts decision since by then the Germain retailing industry experienced continued slow growth rates making retailers get indulged in pricing wars for their products. Falconbridge and Muzio, (2014, p. 38), the Germany marketing environment was unfriendly, and this kept on eroding the profitability margins of every company that invested its business activities within the country, especially global markets. Further, with the inflexible business environment within Germany, the labor costs increased leading to the creation of unaffordable real estate prices. However, despite the inflexibility of the business climate, high energy costs, and persistent slow growth rate in the Germany market, the president of Wal-Mart (Ron Tiarks) felt that it was wise to enter the Germany market. Based on the following arguments, it was a wise decision for Wal-Mart to enter the Germain market. The following discussion represents the opinions that justify Wal-Mart's decision to operate in Germany as correct. Expansion of Customer Base Given that Germany got rated as the third largest economy in the world, it was wise for the administration of Wal-Mart to decide to extend the company's operations to Germany. According to Berg, (2014, p. 6), large economies frequently command a strong customer base and use of high technologies that makes enterprises thrive in such environments and therefore, should not get taken for granted. The fact that German offered the company a perfect market where Wal-Mart could diversify its retailing services in all European countries necessitated Wal-Mart to make steps first to establish themselves firmly in the strongest economy in Europe. Success History of Wal-Mart Traditionally, Wal-Mart had been able to set high standards in the retailing industry, and this means that its venture into the German market was not an exception to ensure continued success in the market. In the research conducted by Ihlen and Roper, (2014, p. 45) Wal-Mart had been successful especially in the US an aspect that made the company's management gain confidence invest in German. Wrigley, (2002, p. 81) argues that the firm looked forward to being a pan-European player given the presence of large customer base in the continent. Therefore, it was not wrong for Wal-Mart to decide to extend its operations to German since, from the experience, it had succeeded in Mexico and across all the states of America. Price Sensitive Market Since the Wal-Mart Sores everyday low price (EDLP) philosophy confirmed to Germany's price sensitive market environment, it was wise for the company to the extent its operations to the country. The EDLP philosophy discouraged the companys customers from looking for promotions and special offers from other suppliers. The report published by Turnbull and Valla, (2013, p. 22) states since the governmental regulations emphasized on the application of a sensitive price policies, this suited Wal-Mart given its intense use of EDLP philosophy. Application of sensitive price theories could assist Wal-Mart to thrive in its business operations in the compound market environment in Germain. Customer Focused Service With its customer-focused services, Wal-Mart was able to gain a strong customer base in Germany. Further, most Germany stores offered seasonal sales discounts and special offers to customers due to their greed to make higher revenues. According to Douglas and Craig, (2011, p. 85), with the strong capital base of Wal-Mart, the company could establish price reductions and offer products to customers at an affordable price, hence being correct to venture its retail activities in German. Further, being an experienced company, it was possible and easy for Wal-Mart to adjust its policies so that they could conform to the nature of German laws. Also, it was an easy task for the enterprise sell its high-quality products at the right prices to avoid hurting the less established businesses. Opportunity of Avoiding the Stiff Competition in the US The fact the United States firms preferred exploiting their business opportunities in United Kingdom due to the common culture, language, and legal requirements between the UK and the US, shows that there was stiff competition for customers in the United Kingdom. It was correct for the management of Wal-Mart to decide to go to operate in Germany since this would act as an opportunity for a competitive advantage over the other domestic companies venturing in the UK. Although the culture, language and legal environment in Germany never favored Wal-Mart's policies, Sethi, (2014, p. 424) saw it possible for the company to adjust its policies so that they could fit with the German business culture. Further, the German customer base entirely convinced Wal-Mart that the market was a perfect chance to obtain a competitive advantage over other rivals namely K-Mart, Woolworth, and Target corporations. Causes of Wal-Marts Failure in the German Market Wal-Mart expanded its operations to Germany through the acquisition of 21 hypermarkets of Werkauf which provided both general merchandise and food to the customers. Based on the research conducted by Wal-Mart, Wertkauf stores was considered able to offer a right path to enter the German market, but this did not work since Wartkauf stores covered only southwestern Germany markets. Fernie, et al., (2006, p. 248) among other reasons which will get discussed below, this continued the approach to entering the Germany market made it fail miserably for five years in the Germany business environment. Stiff Competition from Germany Retailers The intense competition from Germany retailers made it impossible for Wal-Mart to formulate payment approaches. Under circumstances whereby Wal-Mart reduced the price over its products and services, all Germany retailers lowered their prices so as to maintain their clients, and this made the company get challenged in establishing a strong position in business environment. Salvioni and Gennari, (2014, p. 470) identified that Wal-Mart kept making more steps to slash its commodities prices in 2000. Unfortunately its strong competitor Real reacted by lowering prices for approximately 3000 items. The Germany competitor Real claimed that the prices of Wal-Mart were lower than theirs, and this made the company's operations across the Germany market to keep deteriorating at a constant frequency. Lack of Strong Vendor Relations Mainly, the leading domestic cause of the Companys success was its efficient and excellent supply chain relations. At the US markets, Wal-Mart and its key suppliers adopted the use of a centralized distribution channel opposed to Germany vendors who were never comfortable with a centralized distribution system. According to Jahanson and Mattsson, (2015, p. 132), Wal-Marts relationship with the Germany customers was not mature and therefore, unable to decide on the product assortments. Therefore, Wal-mart was forced by circumstances to sell less demanded commodities by the Germany market, yet its suppliers kept pushing for it. Inventory Problems While carrying out its international business in Germany, Wal-Mart begun with just one stockroom which stocked all merchadise, this created a number of inventory problems. As per Schilke, et al., (2009, p. 46), the company faced a great challenge when it came to recruiting new employees due to the reduced wage rates it provided to the personnel. Barely, only a little number of people, especially the unskilled and less qualified proved to be available. As a result of shortage of workers for Wal-Mart, the movement of goods got delayed a problem that lead to excessive stockpilling. Despite the continued efforts nade by Wal-Mart to renovate and put its brand name across all retail stores, its EDLP message never penetrated the Germany market since Interspar's and Werkauf were not popular With the Germany customers. Employees Unrest Wal-Mart used to pay low wages and provided unconducive working environment for the workforce. The poor working conditions and low salaries posed an operational problems. While carrying out the retail stores business in the US, Wal-Mart dscouraged employees from forming labor unions whereby the staff could raise their grievances towards tha management in unison. Zou and Cavusgil, (2002, p. 56) argues that immediately Wal-Mart aquired Wertkauf and Interspar, the management disallowed the staff members from meeting each other and share their ideas and perceptions regarding the companys value of their inputs. Breach of German Laws Wal-Mart violated various German laws for it breached the act of law against restraints of competition. As per Papadopoulos and Heslop, (2014, p. 90), the German legal requirements prohibited large companies from reducing their price rates and engaging in price wars with small firms since this would discourage local business. The law allowed big business to lower prices only after providing justification for the decision to lower prices. Contrarily, The foreign investor company reduced prices for margarine, sugar, and milk. These new set prices by the firm got considered lower than cost price at which Wal-Mart bought them, this translated to a direct loss. Further, the company vilated the law that required official publishement of audited financial statements to the concerned authorities. Cultural Mismatch and Language Barrier Faulconbridge and Muzio, (2014, p. 40) states that it remained challenging for the corporation to integrate Wertkauf and Interspar. Wekauf and Interspar used different business cultures and languages something which brought up concerns over the management of Wal-Mart. First and foremost, yet decision making in Wertkauf was highly centralised with the senior management, operations at Interspar were highly decentralised in all regional units. Further, it was difficult for Wal-Mart to integrate its domestic US culture with that of the German market environment. In attempts to integrate the three business cultures and employees morale got affected by the existing regulations adopted by the firm. Also, Wal-Mart faced language barriers in the German market since the top management shown less interest in learning the German language. Whether Wal-Mart Will be Able to Improve Its Performance in Germany The Germany market proved difficult for Wal-Mart to crack something which made the company make continued losses in five consecutive years (1997-2002). The main reason for this persistent failure was the company's inability to understand the shopping habits of Germans as well as the countries business culture. The fact that Wal-Mart was unable to correct its mistakes in the German business environment shows that it would have been difficult for the company to improve its performance in the nation (Wal-Mart's German Misadventure, 2000, p. 578). If the top management was sensitive enough to the business culture and customer requirements in Germany, Wal-Mart would not have exhibited the significant losses as portrayed in its weak retailing performance across the Germany markets. Further, Wal-Mart would not have been able to improve its performance in Germany due to its poor foreign market entry strategy of acquisitions. Even after failing miserably in the Germany market, Wal-Mart still focussed on acquiring the second retail store to make its stores total to 95 in Germany. Despite the fact that there were various other foreign market entry strategies that the company could have opted for, the management proved to be ignorant and focussed on acquisitions which never suited the Germany market culture (Wal-Mart Case Study, 2014, p. 65). Therefore, it was wise for Wal-Mart to retrain from acquisitions more stores in Germany. Venturing in the US markets where Wal-Mart clearly understood the market culture would enable the company to operate optimally and achieve high profits. Conclusion Most challenges faced by the international marketers are caused by unfamiliar business climate where these firms implement their venture operations. Successful players in the global markets have the ability to adjust appropriately to the impacts of strange business conditions. Achieving a substantial competitive advantage over foreign competitors depends on a company's ability to focus on strategic perspectives which are truly global. Further, well-managed enterprises monitor the control procedures for all international markets an aspect that enables them to thrive in the foreign markets. Recommendations Apparently, business organizations planning to compete effectively in international countries should establish well-focussed global marketing strategies that are based on a conclusive and inclusive understanding of the foreign markets which the corporation is targeting. Also of great importance is creativity and innovation on the external market entry strategies suiting a particular market. Further, companies should increasingly adopt the implementation of successful implementation strategies by enhancing continued counter trading, networking, and value-based marketing strategies that suit the customers. With consideration of all these recommendations, companies will undoubtedly excel in the foreign markets. References Berg, B., 2014. Introduction: Retail branding and store loyalty. Germany: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 1-26 Berthon, P., Pitt, L., Kirk, P. Daniel, S., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy. Business Horizons, 55(3), pp. 261-271. Christopherson, S., 2007. Barriers to US style lean retailing: the case of Wal-Mart's failure in Germany. Journal of Economic Geography, 7(4), pp. 451-469. Doodle, I. Robin, L., 2009. International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development, and Implementation. 5th ed. South Western: Cengage Learning. pp. 22-68 Douglas, S. Craig, S., 2011. Convergence and divergence: Developing a semi-global marketing strategy. Journal of International Marketing, 19(1), pp. 82-101. Faulconbridge, J. Muzio, D., 2014. Transnational corporations shaping institutional change: the case of English law firms in Germany. Journal of Economic Geography, p. 38. Fernie, J. et al., 2006. The impact of Wal-Mart's entry into the German and UK grocery markets. Agribusiness, 22(2), pp. 247-266. Graff, T., 2006. Unequal competition among chains of supercenters: Kmart, Target, and Wal-Mart. The Professional Geographer, 58(1), pp. 54-64. Grant, D., Fernie, J. Schulz, B., 2014. Enablers and barriers in German online food retailing: Supply chain forum. An International Journal, 15(3), pp. 4-11. Ihlen, O. Roper, J., 2014. Corporate reports on sustainability and sustainable development: We have arrived. Sustainable Development, 22(1), pp. 42-51. Jahanson, J. Mattsson, L.-G., 2015. Internationalization in industrial systems- a network approach: Knowledge, network, and power. 4th ed. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 111-132 Khanna, T. Palepu, K., 2013. Winning in emerging markets: a road for strategy and execution. 2nd ed. Harvard: Harvard Business Press. pp. 400-408 Luo, Y. Wang, S. L., 2012. Foreign direct investment strategies by developing country multinationals: a diagnostic model for home country effects. Global Strategy Journal, 2(3), pp. 244-261. Papadopoulos, N. Heslop, L., 2014. Product country Images: Impact and Role of international marketing. 2nd ed. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 88-90 Salvioni, D. M. Gennari, F., 2014. Corporate governance, sustainability and capital markets orientation. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(8), pp. 469-483. Schilke, O., Reimann, M. Thomas, J., 2009. When does international marketing standardization matter to firm performance? Journal of International Marketing, 17(4), pp. 24-46. Sethi, P., 2014. The Wal-Mart affair- where implausible deniability is the coin of the realm. Corporate Governance, 14(3), pp. 424-451. Turnbull, P. Valla, J.-P., 2013. Strategies for international industrial marketing. Routledge. pp. 20-25 Wal-Mart Case Study (2014) Hurd, Jacob; Lawman, Morgan; Salkowski, Zach; Sampson, Hannah; Stellato, Alyson. pp. 128-250 Wal-Mart's German Misadventure (2000) Nie, Mehr Suchen. pp. 537-580 Wrigley, N., 2002. The landscape of pan-European food retail consolidation. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 30(2), pp. 81-91. Zou, S. Cavusgil, T., 2002. The GMS: a broad conceptualization of global marketing strategy and its effect on firm performance. Journal of Marketing, 66(4), pp. 40-56.

World Literature Assignment Essay Paper Example For Students

World Literature Assignment Essay Paper â€Å"The question of whether ‘humanity’ still exists or has faded as a result of mankind’s narcissism† as explored in the novels ‘The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende’ and ‘Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel’. The word ‘humanity’ is unique in its capacity to be understood and defined by each person in his or her own way. A general definition is â€Å"the quality of being humane; the kind feelings, dispositions, and sympathies of man; especially, a disposition to relieve persons or animals in distress, and to treat all creature with kindness and tenderness.† We will write a custom essay on World Literature Assignment Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The authors Laura Esquivel and Isabel Allende have weaved into their works captivating examples of human behaviour in the face of challenging circumstances. The books center on the tumultuous journey of strong and passionate men and women, in their fight for love, happiness, dreams and ideals. The protagonists, mainly women, create prominent ripples in the sagas, they bring with them a sense mystery and intrigue. In the engaging novel ‘The House of the Spirits’ by Isabelle Allende, instances of human compassion are plenty. Beginning with the youngest of the Del Valle family Clara the clairvoyant, who on the surface appeared to be an innocent and demure girl, but inside was a determined, supernatural soul. The strongest evidence of the immeasurable positive change she brought into people’s lives was seen at her funeral, it brought people from the far reaches of where her love and care had reached. Clara’s husband wrote â€Å"poor people, students, labor unionists, nuns, mongoloid children, bohemians, and spiritualists – came to pay their respects.† During her lifetime she acted not only as the thread keeping her family as one entity but also aided people all around her, in whatever little way she could. Though her true being belonged to the spiritual world, she placed aside time for the people who were truly deprived. Determination and strong-will were attributes that were associated with both Clara and her mother Nivea, these distinct features that they displayed carved a niche in this world. Nivea was a driven feminist unrelenting in her battle for securing â€Å"the vote for women† in elections. For more than ten long years she fought to the uplift of women in the suffragette movement. She was a force to be reckoned with, permitting not even her numerous pregnancies to come in the way of her ultimate goal. She takes an unprecedented decision of keeping Rosa away from the vulgar traffic of the world. Clara, the precocious and clairvoyant, was her favorite daughter. Clara too was filled with the milk of human kindness. She put her heart and soul into teaching the peasant women at Tres Marias. Transito soto was delineated by Allende as a character unparallel in history. She made a cooperative for the most trodden section of the society-the prostitutes. And it was only she who made escape of Alba feasible putting her life her money at stake. Other kind and strong hearted individuals included Ferula, the sister of Clara’s husband (Esteban Trueba). Ferula devoted her life to the care of her mother whose arthritic condition had transformed her into a â€Å"monolithic being†, she gave up her whole life and slaved till the day her mother passed away. Despite every dark and bitter feeling that crossed her mind, she remained loyal. An extraordinary man who deserved to be seen in a worthy light was Pedro Tercero, the lover of Clara’s daughter Blanca. He fought fearlessly for ‘justice’, equality of all classes of people. A statement of his explained all of what he had learned from the revolutionaries, .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad , .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad .postImageUrl , .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad , .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad:hover , .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad:visited , .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad:active { border:0!important; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad:active , .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u30d061263a1791c1f2fe7bd235c565ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drawings from Frenchmen who sailed there Essayâ€Å"in union there is strength† it signified the fact that all should become one. In the battle against brutality and mercilessness of certain sadistic men, it is only through togetherness that we can come out victorious. All these and more exemplary human beings were the picture of all good that was and still exists in this world. Similarly the brilliantly delicious novel â€Å"Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel† consists of twists and plots that bring forward situations which illustrate several characters’ ability to empathize and care for others. Dr. John Brown too is portrayed as epitome of humanity: he is the most affectionate and caring individual in the novel. He acted as Tita’s, the protagonist’s helping hand during her breakdown which ironically was a result of dealing with her overbearing and stone hearted mother, Mama Elena. He gave hope, life, inspiration and wisdom to the hurting Tita. Full of sympathy, love and warmth he showed her a life where misery and pain were not lurking at every corner, though in the end he did not receive the same romantic attention and admiration he never lost his ability to appreciate and heal anyone. Tita was never shown love but she definitely did impart it, as can be seen through her love and affection towards her nephew, the magnanimous Dr. John, his son and her sister Gertrudis. She was suppressed and abused by her mother Mama Elena, the narrator even described the widowed matriarch of the De La Garza family, as â€Å"the castrating mother who had repressed Tita her entire life† After all this, Tita somehow still found it within her to be by her mother’s side through the days of her deathly illness. The ranch cook, Nacha played the role of Tita’s mother during her love deprived years. She nurtured, taught and guided her in a way her mother never attempted or cared to, she even passed on the secrets of cooking and was the source of the many recipes which entwined the whole story and created mythical events. The recipes, the dishes and what they stood for helped keep create an enchanting novel that is a class apart from traditional ones. As I read the description of how Alba’s experience in the prison, I immediately compared Esteban Garcia’s character to that of Hitler’s. His merciless treatment of innocent people transported me to a place where concentration camps felt for an instant, existent and real. After brutally torturing Alba in ways which would reduce any human to bring an end to his/her, he threw her in a dog house which was used for a relatively short period as â€Å"no one could withstand them very long, at most a few days, before beginning to ramble- lose the sense of things, the meaning of words, and anxiety of passing time- or simply begin to die† Esteban Garcia was perhaps not equally demonic but definitely committed cruel acts that encroached upon several human rights. Inhumane in his treatment of the workers in his estate, he saw them in a light equal to and sometimes even less than animals. He violated several women without remorse and sometimes without even bothering to hide, â€Å"he was afraid of no one†, this thought of his shows how he had lost all touch of the civilized world. He had become a man without a heart and a conscience. To condemn a person to such agony and humiliation is unjustifiable, in these dark flashes described hope is lost, justice non-existent and humanity a myth. â€Å"Mama Elena was merciless, killing with a single blow. But then again, not always. For Tita she had made an exception; she had been killing her a little at a time since she was a child, and she still hadn’t finished her off†. .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 , .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 .postImageUrl , .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 , .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85:hover , .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85:visited , .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85:active { border:0!important; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85:active , .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85 .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub55c3bf9fc00c3521b6f4dcca27bff85:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sprite charts EssayThis particular line I believe captures the true depth of her vindictiveness. To be able to create such misery and grief in her own daughter’s life, making her suffer bit by bit all the pain of losing a soul mate, and making her entire childhood a literal nightmare. She brought fear and terror into the heart of every person she knew; she was unhappy and was set on making everyone experience the sting.at some time in her life, she too was happy, but as of the time when the story was narrated, there were no signs of her flinching from her new found temperament. What was the most appalling and incomprehensible part of all the acts by the three indivi duals was that they performed every single foul act without even a pinch of guilt, remorse or sympathy. Humanity seemed a lost cause for such disturbed souls. Spanning over generations, the books and its characters have highlighted several issues which were present in the past and still remain today, though perhaps to a lesser degree. The question of ‘humanity’ and its existence have been brought up indirectly by both authors, but without concrete evidence of its full demise or complete presence, though there is a mixture of the two. Self-absorption and importance have shadowed love for the human race for a number of people, but there are always glimpses of benevolence. With skill and precision the subject was presented and delivered by the authors, keeping us as the true and ultimate judge of our thoughts and perception on ‘humanity’. In the darkest, vainest moment we think, â€Å"The tragedy, the true catastrophe, is that humanity continues.- Louis Wolfson† In the brightest, most inspiring moment we think, â€Å"You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty- Mahatma Gandhi† Evil and good coexists in any society. We cannot despair of humanity, since we ourselves are human beings. All humanity is one undivided and indivisible family, and each one of us is responsible for the misdeeds of all the others (mahatma Gandhi). Humanity can never fade. It is the guiding light that is eternal, and is there in our hearts to enlighten this mortal world.

The character in An Inspector Calls Essays

The character in An Inspector Calls Essays The character in An Inspector Calls Essay The character in An Inspector Calls Essay I also didnt choose Eric Birling as my most likeable character as he used Eva, he stole money from Arthur Birling to give her money to Eva for the baby. As Eva was a prostitute he used her just for sex. Erics parents think that he is all innocent, but really he is an heavy drinker. Eric says; I wasnt in love or anything but I did like her. This tells me he is a user and only wanted one thing. I didnt choose Eric as my most likable character as he was in the wrong, and didnt care about Eva. It then comes to Arthur Birling the father of Sheila and Eric. He only cares about himself and know one else. He wont accept the allegations thats made against him, and dont see how giving Eva the sack got anything to do with him. Even though he sacked her so she would be left with no money. Has he comes from a middle class family, he seems stuck up and selfish. As she says to the inspector; Look here I am not going to have this inspector, youll apologise at once. He only cares about money, as he says to Gerald; And now you have brought us together, and perhaps we may look forward to the time when Crofts and Birlings are no longer competing but are working together-for lower costs and prices. Arthur is certainly not my most likable character! My final character Gerald Croft has a very big part in Eva Smiths suicidal death. He never loved her or never would love her, but Eva had fallen head over heels in love with Gerald. He used her till he didnt want anymore. When they first met Eva was prostituting and he just used her just to please his needs. He had sex with her then paid her. Gerald told the inspector; He had become the most important person in his life. What Gerald has done he can never change. Also what he has done to Sheila is terrible too. He is a user and very selfish. And certainly is the most un-likable character. Sheila is definitely my most likable character, as she has shown the most honestly and true guiltiness. This is shown as when she saw the picture of Eva; she was the only one who had a little cry.

Examples of Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

Examples of Polar and Nonpolar Molecules The two main classes of molecules are polar molecules and nonpolar molecules. Some molecules are clearly polar or nonpolar, while many have some polarity and fall somewhere in between. Heres a look at what polar and nonpolar mean, how to predict whether a molecule will be one or the other, and examples of representative compounds. Key Takeaways: Polar and Nonpolar In chemistry, polarity refers to the distribution of electric charge around atoms, chemical groups, or molecules.Polar molecules occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms.Nonpolar molecules occur when electrons are shared equal between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out. Polar Molecules Polar molecules occur when two atoms do not share electrons equally in a covalent bond. A dipole forms, with part of the molecule carrying a slight positive charge and the other part carrying a slight negative charge. This happens when there is a difference between the electronegativity of each atom. An extreme difference forms an ionic bond, while a lesser difference forms a polar covalent bond. Fortunately, you can look up electronegativity on a table to predict whether or not atoms are likely to form polar covalent bonds. If the electronegativity difference between the two atoms is between 0.5 and 2.0, the atoms form a polar covalent bond. If the electronegativity difference between the atoms is greater than 2.0, the bond is ionic. Ionic compounds are extremely polar molecules. Examples of polar molecules include: Water - H2OAmmonia - NH3Sulfur dioxide - SO2Hydrogen sulfide - H2SEthanol - C2H6O Note ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), are polar. However, most of the time when people talk about polar molecules they mean polar covalent molecules and not all types of compounds with polarity! Nonpolar Molecules When molecules share electrons equally in a covalent bond there is no net electrical charge across the molecule. In a nonpolar covalent bond, the electrons are evenly distributed. You can predict nonpolar molecules will form when atoms have the same or similar electronegativity. In general, if the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is considered nonpolar, even though the only truly nonpolar molecules are those formed with identical atoms. Nonpolar molecules also form when atoms sharing a polar bond arrange such that the electric charges cancel each other out. Examples of nonpolar molecules include: Any of the noble gasses: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe (These are atoms, not technically molecules.)Any of the homonuclear diatomic elements: H2, N2, O2, Cl2 (These are truly nonpolar molecules.)Carbon dioxide - CO2Benzene - C6H6Carbon tetrachloride - CCl4Methane - CH4Ethylene - C2H4Hydrocarbon liquids, such as gasoline and tolueneMost organic molecules Polarity and Mixing Solutions If you know the polarity of molecules, you can predict whether or not they will mix together to form chemical solutions. The general rule is that like dissolves like, which means polar molecules will dissolve into other polar liquids and nonpolar molecules will dissolve into nonpolar liquids. This is why oil and water dont mix: oil is nonpolar while water is polar. Its helpful to know which compounds are intermediate between polar and nonpolar because you can use them as an intermediate to dissolve a chemical into one it wouldnt mix with otherwise. For example, if you want to mix an ionic compound or polar compound in an organic solvent, you may be able to dissolve it in ethanol (polar, but not by a lot). Then, you can dissolve the ethanol solution into an organic solvent, such as xylene. Sources Ingold, C. K.; Ingold, E. H. (1926). The Nature of the Alternating Effect in Carbon Chains. Part V. A Discussion of Aromatic Substitution with Special Reference to Respective Roles of Polar and Nonpolar Dissociation; and a Further Study of the Relative Directive Efficiencies of Oxygen and Nitrogen. J. Chem. Soc.: 1310–1328. doi:10.1039/jr9262901310Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98–100. ISBN 0801403332.Ziaei-Moayyed, Maryam; Goodman, Edward; Williams, Peter (November 1,2000). Electrical Deflection of Polar Liquid Streams: A Misunderstood Demonstration. Journal of Chemical Education. 77 (11): 1520. doi:10.1021/ed077p1520

HMLS 310 Week 6 conference Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HMLS 310 Week 6 conference - Coursework Example It is evidential that the development of new technologies that have emerged during the mid-1990s has led to the establishment of internet based application referred to as the social media. This include blogs, discussions forums, you tube channels, Facebook and twitter. Most importantly, social media has played an increasing role in emergencies and disasters. This report summarizes how social media has been used by emergency management officials and agencies. It also evaluates the potential benefits and consequences of using social media in the context of emergency and disasters. Generally in the anthrax attacks, social media would have been used as a medium for conducting emergency communications and issue warnings, receive victim’s requests for assistance, monitoring user’s activities and postings to determine situational awareness and using downloaded images to create damage estimates among others(1). For instance in the attacks, social media would have been used to pass notifications by the use of Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), emergency warnings and alerts to citizens. Besides, social media would have been used to alert emergency officials on the anthrax attacks by monitoring the flow of information from different sources to help in the reduction of the number of casualties. Risk communication refers to the interactive process of exchanging information and opinion among individuals, groups, and institutions involving multiple messages about the nature of risk. It is a science based programme for communicating accurately and effectively in cases of extreme stress and concerns. Moreover, risk communication skills are imperative for the successful management of crises. One way to achieve effective risk communication especially in the case of anthrax attack is through message mapping. This refers to the tool of risk communicator that

Analyzing media-presented issues related to the nursing profession and Essay

Analyzing media-presented issues related to the nursing profession and nursing practice - Essay Example In March 2013, the ministry of health came up with an advertising campaign that which compared smoking with flatulence. The response of this advertisement is twofold, there is one group that supports it, arguing that it is effective in depicting smoking as an anti-social behavior. This is the stand that Hager (2013), an editor with the Ottawa Citizen. This is an online newsfeed that is only available via the internet. However, Quan (2013), an editor with the times news feed has a different opinion. According to her, the advert is ineffective in portraying smoking as an anti-social behavior. This is because flatulence is a normal activity among mammals. According to her, the advert encourages people to smoke because it portrays it as a normal behavior. This is because it uses the notion of flatulence. The third article that this paper analyzes is a journal article by Pechmann and Reibling (2000). This journal talks about how to create an effective anti-smoking advertisement campaign i n Canada, and the United States. It uses a case study approach in explaining the effective method of creating an advertisement campaign. Basing on that, this paper takes a stand that to create an effective anti-smoking advertisement; the creators of the advertisement must consider the age of the spokesman, the content of the message, and the manner in which the advertisers depict the behavior. Quan(2013) in her article argues against the use of flatulence in creating an anti-smoking advertisement campaign. According to her, flatulence is a normal biological process amongst mammals, and on this basis, equating smoking with flatulence sends a message that smoking is a normal social behavior. According to her, the intention of the advertisers was to denote that smoking is as embarrassing as engaging in a farting activity. This idea is wrong, and she denotes that there is nothing embarrassing with farting. She even further goes on to denote that even small children know that farting is a normal biological process. Quan (2013) describes the 53 seconds video advert. She denotes that the video depicts a young woman who admits that she farts at parties, but this does not make her a farter. According to Quan (2013), the intention of the advertisers was to denote that smoking is wrong, and it doesn’t matter where the act takes place. However, to her, the use of video in this campaign was ineffective, and therefore did not meet the objectives of the advertisers. Hager (2013) on the other hand does not agree with Quan. Hager denotes that the advertisement achieved its objective of depicting smoking as an anti-social behavior (2013). According to Hager, the target of the advertisement was people between the ages of 18 to 29. Hager denotes that farting is an embarrassing social behavior, and using this concept in the anti-smoking advertising campaign manages to give a message that smoking is an embarrassing and ridiculous social behavior. Hager (2013) further goes on to denote that the use of a young woman in the anti-smoking advertisement campaign is an effective method of reaching out to the young people. This is because they identify with her age. To support his opinion, Hager gives the number of views that the campaign got in the social media. He denotes that the advert got 36000 views within a week of its release. This to him is a proof that the advert was effective in sending out its message. Pechmann and Reibling (2000) on the other hand, in their Journal article describe how to create an

Absolute Essay Example for Free

Absolute Essay â€Å"There really are [or are not] ‘absolutes’ upon which a universal truth can be based that can be applied for establishing ethical behavior in business. † The world of business would be such a chaotic place sans universal truth that can be applied to establish ethical behavior. If they are no â€Å"absolutes† then everything else is relative; that state of being depends on how many factors and those factors include how one feels on a certain issue, the norms in a society that one lives in, the definition of right and wrong being subjective, and religious beliefs. In the instance where an individual will act as they feel and not per universal absolute truth, then the individual may decide not to pay for the services rendered to them or merchandise that they procured because that is how the individual feels about the situation even if the renderer of service or seller may feel that they ought to be paid for their services or goods. They feelings in this case are only true to them and not the buyer as the buyer has a different feeling about the situation. In the case where the norms of a society dictate the ethical behavior of a society, it would also mean that there is relative subjectivity to the whole notion of ethics as societies can have norms which are not at all right as seen in the case of the Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda. The Hutus were a majority (85%)of the population and through political propaganda they were incited to kill the minority Tutsis (14%). 800,000 people were murdered in the name of tribal cleansing and at that point in time it was alright for a Hutu to kill a Tutsi as per what had become the norm. The entire world condemned this sordid act even though it was relatively â€Å"right† in the Hutu society. This might sound extreme but it only shows us a norm in a society does not make it a right thing to be done. The same applies for business in that what is a norm for business in one society would be considered gross corruption in another and also what might mean integrity in one society would be condemned in another as lack of business acumen as in not being able to accept business opportunities regardless of how the can be obtained. We cannot therefore base ethical behavior on societal norms and behaviors and not to say that they are not any of those norms that are acceptable and of very high standards that could very well be ethical, however the The definition of right or wrong if treated as relative subject will influence the way one perceives issues in terms of being ethical or unethical. When right and wrong is relative it means what might be right for one might just be wrong for me, there is no absolutes. A classical example is the Nigerian immigration as it purportedly used to be in past, this writer does not have first hand knowledge of the said instances. It is said that when one travelled to Nigeria, one could not get their passport stamped by the immigration officer if they did not put some money in the passport. The officer would hand one back the passport and advise them that there is a †page† missing in the passport. The â€Å"page† meant a dollar bill. For people who grew up in that tradition it was an expected thing to do and that was how it was supposed to be supposedly but for a foreigner, say an American, that would be so wrong a thing to do because in the USA, that is corrupting a public officer and that is a crime in itself that one could go to jail for. There is the issue of religious beliefs and religion and lack thereof. It is said that religious beliefs help to foster stronger ethical behavior, as religions tend to be black and white on what is wrong and what is right. Yet there are different religions and needless to say the different religions have different sets of ideals whether it be ethics or morals. To highlight that is the tragic case of Sept11, 2011 when the USA was attacked by the Muslim terrorists. These terrorists according to what they believed, they were doing the right thing and had been taught so that when they die like that they are martyrs of their religion and they will go to heaven for doing the will of their God. Beliefs in the different religions vary and notwithstanding those without any religion, it is reasonable to say that in this case it is relative as in what a person believes in. If there has to be consistency in any transaction of business, there therefore has to be absolutes upon which a universal truth can be based that can be applied for establishing ethical behavior. It should not matter how one feels, what norms are in one’s society, how one defines right or wrong, and what one’s religious beliefs are. There are absolutely ethical elements in all the above that can be applied to all business ethics to enhance the ethical behavior but there definitely should be a standard that is universal and expected to be followed by all involved in business. It is so fundamental because it is the basis on which all business is going to be transacted upon. One cannot go into business with a partner who will run one out of business or someone who will not do what they say they will do and do it right.

The Search for Identity in This Side of Paradise :: This Side of Paradise Essays

The Search for Identity in This Side of Paradise  Ã‚   In F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel This Side of Paradise, Amory Blaine searches for his identity by "mirroring" people he admires.   However, these "mirrors" actually block him from finding his true self.   He falls in love with women whose personalities intrigue him; he mimics the actions of men he looks up to.   Eleanor Savage and Burne Holiday serve as prime examples of this.   Until Amory loses his pivotal "mirror," Monsignor Darcy, he searches for his soul in all the wrong places.   When Monsignor Darcy dies, Amory has the spiritual epiphany he needs to reach his "paradise" - the knowledge of who Amory Blaine truly is.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Amory appears to be a rather vacuous choice for a protagonist.   He relies mainly on his breathtaking handsomeness and wealth in order to get by in life.   He has been endowed with brains, but it takes him years to learn how and when to use them.   Amory spends his late high school and college years frolicking with his peers and debutantes.   By constantly associating with others Amory creates an image of himself that he maintains until he becomes bored or finds a new personality to imitate.   Amory does not know who he really is, what he truly feels, or what he thinks.   He merely cultivates his personality du jour depending on how he believes he would like to be.   Essentially, Amory is shopping at a personality store, trying each one on until he can find one that fits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This personality imitation began when Amory spent his adolescent years in the presence of his flamboyant mother, Beatrice.   Beatrice raised Amory to be what she wanted him to be, as long as it was stylish and acceptable to coeval virtues.   When he goes to Princeton, the separation from his mother, who essentially thought for him, leads Amory to search for himself.   However, his idea of searching for his identity entails merely simulating the personalities of those he admires.   This trend becomes obvious in the pattern of Amory's love interests.   His first conquest, Isabelle, is a strong-willed girl who knows what she wants.   Amory falls in love with her because of her distinct personality; perhaps subconsciously he feels that by being in her presence he makes up for not having a personality of his own.   Amory's next love, Rosalind, represents Amory's latent desire for the riches and luxuries that he lost with the death of his parents.

Liberal Arts Essay

An education conducted in a spirit of free inquiry undertaken without concern for topical relevance or vocational utility. This kind of learning is not only one of the enrichments of existence; it is one of the achievements of civilization. It heightens students’ awareness of the human and natural worlds they inhabit. It makes them more reflective about their beliefs and choices, more self-conscious and criticising, speaking, critical and logical thinking. Law schools report that by the yardsticks of law review and grades, their top students come from math, classics, and literature, with political science, economics, â€Å"pre-law â€Å"and† legal studies† ranking lower. In today’s fast evolving world, leaders across the spectrum of vocations and professions need a broad imaginative and critical capacity, not a prematurely narrow point of view. In terms of the actual world, a solid liberal arts and sciences education will generally prove the most practical preparation for many demanding, high-level careers, or for the several careers that an increasing number of adults will eventually pursue. No particular concentration or area of study is inherently a better ticket to security, leadership, or personal satisfaction than another. Students should be encouraged to follow their passions and interests, not what they guess (or what others tell them) will lead to a supposedly more marketable set of skills. Of course, higher education has a utilitarian function. In that regard, as Robert Bellah states, it possesses â€Å"its own legitimacy.† Yet, it is crucial to combine and integrate that function with other aims and ends, with what Bellah calls â€Å"education for the development of character, citizenship, and culture.† A healthy system of higher education offers many rewards: scientific discoveries, eventual and even unforeseen applications, thoughtful political leadership, intelligent public discourse, cultural vitality, and an educated workforce. Higher learning serves several goals in coordination, goals that are mutually reinforcing. The aims are at once personal and social, private and public, economic, ethical, and intellectual. Harvard College exists to serve all these goals and offers a broad array of concentrations and courses for the purpose of educating the whole individual. Why? Because that kind of education, and not one aimed at certain occupational targets, is, in the long run, the best preparation for advanced achievement. The very broad, capacious form of education that we call the liberal arts is rooted in a specific curriculum in classical and medieval times. But it would be wrong to assume that because it has such ancient roots, this kind of education is outdated, stale, fusty, or irrelevant. In fact, quite the contrary. A liberal-arts education, which Louis Menand defined in The Marketplace of Ideas as â€Å"a background mentality, a way of thinking, a kind of intellectual DNA that informs work in every specialized area of inquiry,† lends itself particularly well to contemporary high-tech methods of imparting knowledge. We all wrestle with the challenges of educating students who are used to multitasking, doing their homework while listening to music and texting on their iPhones. For such students, the Web-based facilities of exciting liberal-arts courses are particularly salient. What would Aristotle or Erasmus or Robert Maynard Hutchins not have given for a technique that allows one to tour the world’s greatest museums, looking closely at the details of countless masterpieces; explore the ruins of ancient castles and pyramids and forums; join archaeological digs at your desk, turning objects around to see all sides of them; visualize problems in geometry or astronomy or mathematics in several dimensions and work out their solutions. An excellent example of the power of multimedia coupled with the liberal arts is â€Å"Imaginary Journeys,† a general-education course sometimes taught at Harvard University by Stephen Greenblatt. The course is described as being â€Å"about global mobility, encounter, and exchange at the time that Harvard College was founded in 1636. Using the interactive resources of computer technology, we follow imaginary voyages of three ships that leave England in 1633. Sites include London’s Globe Theatre, Benin, Barbados, Brazil, Mexico.† With this kind of course in mind, it seems that the liberal arts could almost have been designed for sophisticated online learning, so far from being stale or fusty are these ways of knowing. This kind of education has become more and more appealing to students and teachers at universities around the world. Donald Markwell, the warden of Oxford’s Rhodes House, recently gave a series of lectures in Canada entitled â€Å"The Need for Breadth.† He referred to a â€Å"surge of interest† in liberal education in â€Å"many other countries.† He cites a major address in London by Yale’s Richard Levin in which Levin noted that â€Å"Asian leaders are increasingly attracted to the American model of undergraduate curriculum,† specifically because of the two years of breadth and depth in different disciplines provided before a student chooses an area of concentration or embarks on professional training. Levin described liberal-arts honors programs at Peking University, South Korea’s Yonsei University, and the National University of Singapore; he also referred to liberal-arts curricula at Fudan University, Nanjing University, and the University of Hong Kong. Yet, as we know, the trends in the United States are in the opposite direction, and this is not just a recent problem. Menand cites evidence that in the United States, â€Å"the proportion of undergraduate degrees awarded annually in the liberal arts and sciences has been declining for a hundred years, apart from a brief rise between 1955 and 1970, which was a period of rapidly increasing enrollments and national economic growth.† Thus, paradoxically, as a liberal-arts education becomes more appealing to leaders and families in Asia and elsewhere in the world, it is losing ground in our own country. At least three factors are at work in this decline: a) the creation of increasingly specialized disciplines, and the rewards for faculty members for advancing knowledge in those areas; b) the economic premium that is thought to reside in a highly technical form of preparation for careers; and c) a growing focus on graduate education from the early 20th century to the present day. T hese developments have clearly not been beneficial for American undergraduate education. â€Å"Liberal education in crisis† is a tiresomely familiar theme, and countless commissions, reports, and study groups have attempted to address it. I am under no illusions that I have the magic key to resolve a problem that has stumped so many brilliant educators. But these are not just theoretical quandaries, they are the issues we confront almost every day: How do we defend liberal education against the skeptics—parents, potential students, the media, the marketplace, even some trustees and students? The first, most practical defense is that the liberal arts (and sciences) are the best possible preparation for success in the learned professions—law, medicine, teaching—as well as in the less traditionally learned but increasingly arcane professions of business, finance, and high-tech innovation. So my first defense of liberal learning is what you are taught and the way you learn it: the materials a doctor or financial analyst or physicist or humanist ne eds to know, but taught in a liberally construed fashion, so that you look at the subject from many different dimensions and incorporate the material into your own thinking in ways that will be much more likely to stay with you, and help you later on. This way of learning has several distinct advantages: It’s insurance against obsolescence; in any rapidly changing field (and every field is changing rapidly these days), if you only focus on learning specific materials that are pertinent in 2012, rather than learning about them in a broader context, you will soon find that your training will have become valueless. Most important, with a liberal education you will have learned how to learn, so that you will be able to do research to answer questions in your field that will come up years from now, questions that nobody could even have envisioned in 2012, much less taught you how to answer. The second, slightly less utilitarian defence of a liberal-arts education is that it hones the mind, teaching focus, critical thinking, and the ability to express oneself clearly both in writing and speaking—skills that are of great value no matter what profession you may choose. It’s not just that you are taught specific materi als in a liberally designed context, but more generally, the way your mind is shaped, the habits of thought that you develop. These skills were well described by a former dean of the Harvard Law School, Erwin Griswold, cited in a recent speech by the current dean, Martha Minow. Griswold was discussing an ideal vision of the law school, but his arguments fit a liberal education wherever it is provided: â€Å"You go to a great school not so much for knowledge as for arts or habits; for the art of expression, for the art of entering quickly into another person’s thoughts, for the art of assuming at a moment’s notice a new intellectual position, for the habit of submitting to censure and refutation, for the art of indicating assent or dissent in graduated terms, for the habit of regarding minute points of accuracy, for the art of working out what is possible in a given time; for taste, for discrimination, for mental courage, and mental soberness.† My third argument is that a liberal-arts education is the best education for citizenship in a democracy like ours. In her book, Not for Profit, M artha Nussbaum points out that from the early years of our republic educators and leaders have â€Å"connected the liberal arts to the preparation of informed, independent, and sympathetic †¦ citizens.† Nussbaum argues that democracies need â€Å"complete citizens who can think for themselves, criticize tradition, and understand the significance of another person’s sufferings and achievements.† Among the skills a liberal-arts education fosters, she notes, are the ability â€Å"to think about the good of the nation as a whole, not just that of one’s local group,† and â€Å"to see one’s own nation, in turn, as part of a complicated world order.† At a time when democracy is struggling to be born in countries around the world, and countries that have long enjoyed democracy are struggling to sustain it against pressures of multiple varieties, this may be the best of all the arguments for a liberal-arts education. My fourth argument I borrow from Michel de Montaigne, who thought of his own mind as a kind of tower library to which he could retreat even when he was far from home, filled with quotations from wise people and experimental thoughts and jokes and anecdotes, where he could keep company with himself. In his essay â€Å"Of Solitude,† he suggested that we all have such back rooms in our minds. The most valuable and attractive people we know are those who have rich and fascinating intellectual furniture in those spaces rather than a void between their ears. Virginia Woolf used a different spatial image to make a similar point in her book Three Guineas, when she talked about the importance of cultivating taste and the knowledge of the arts and literature and music. She argues that people who are so caught up in their professions or business that they never have time to listen to music or look at pictures lose the sense of sight, the sense of sound, the sense of proportion. And she concludes: â€Å"What then remains of a human being who has lost sight, and sound, and a sense of proportion? Only a cripple in a cave.† So my fourth argument for a liberal-arts education is that it allows you to furnish the back room of your mind, preparing you for both society and solitude. My final argument is that the liberal arts admit you to a community of scholars, both professional a nd amateur, spanning the ages. Here I would quote one of my predecessors at Wellesley, Alice Freeman (later Alice Freeman Palmer). When she presided over Wellesley in the last part of the 19th century, it was quite unusual for girls to go to college (as indeed it still is today in some parts of the world). In a speech she gave to answer the repeated question she got from girls and their families, â€Å"Why Go to College?† she said: â€Å"We go to college to know, assured that knowledge is sweet and powerful, that a good education emancipates the mind and makes us citizens of the world.† The sweet and powerful knowledge imparted by a liberal-arts education is specifically designed to fulfill this promise. But how can college presidents today best go about making the case for the liberal arts? First and most obvious, they should use the bully pulpit of the college presidency deliberately and effectively—at convocations, commencements, groundbreakings for new buildings, in speeches to the local Rotary Club or the state 4-H club convention, and addresses to alumni clubs. This is a truly precious opportunity that few other leaders have, to address the community in situations where there is likely to be respectful attention to their message, at least for a while! They should use the opportunity with zest! The second way is by using their fund-raising skills and obligations to raise money for exciting programs like Greenblatt’s â€Å"Imaginary Journeys.† They can make this case effectively to foundations and generous alumni who remember their own liberal-arts education fondly, and thus enhance the resources available for this purpose. Presidents can demonstrate their support of the liberal arts in how they honor faculty members. With the teaching awards and other distinctions their colleges offer, they should single out for praise and support those who have been most effective in advancing the liberal-arts mission. And then they can ensure that these awards and recognitions are appropriately highlighted in college publications and in messages to parents and prospective students. And perhaps the most effective way presidents can use their leadership to offer support is to speak from a liberal-arts perspective in their own discourse, both formal and informal, by citing examples of fine literature, drawing on instances from history, referring to the arts, and describing learning in the sciences in liberal terms. Rhetoric was one of the original artes liberales, and it can still be one of the most transformative. Taking my own advice about larding language with liberal learning, I will conclude with a poem by Imam Al-Shafi’i, which I discovered in a brochure on a recent visit to the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, in Doha, Qatar: According to the measure of hardship are heights achieved, And he who seeks loftiness must keep vigil by night; As for he who wants heights without toil, He wastes his life seeking the impossible— So seek nobility now, then sleep once more (finally), He who seeks pearls must dive into the sea. As this poem reminds us, a liberal-arts education is not always easy; it involves paying close attention, taking risks, exploring uncharted territory, diving into the sea. But despite these challenges, the deep rewards of a liberal education are surely worth our best efforts on its behalf.

Referencing Harvard

It is important to show your reader that you have sought out expert, reliable sources to help support and develop your thinking, and this is done through referencing. The preferring in your assignment: demonstrates good research conduct shows the range of ideas and approaches you have found and thought about acknowledges the sources of those ideas tells your reader where they can locate those sources. Referencing also helps you to avoid plagiarism. If you present someone else's ideas as if they are your own work, or use the exact same language they use without acknowledgment, you are committing plagiarism.Plagiarism can be unintentional due to poor referencing, but the consequences are always serious. Accurate referencing helps you to avoid this. For more information on avoiding plagiarism, visit http://resource. Unions. Du. AU/course/view. PH? Id=1 572 Every time you include words, ideas or information from a source – whether it's a website, book or Journal article – i n your assignment, you must include an in-text reference to show that this content has been gathered from somewhere else.In-text references must be included whenever you: 0 0 0 0 paraphrase someone else's ideas in your own words summaries someone else's ideas in your own words quote someone else's ideas in their exact words copy or adapt a diagram, table or any other visual material. For each source that you reference in-text, you must also create an entry in the preference list at the end of the assignment. 2 How do we reference? There are two components to a Harvard reference: 1) an in-text reference in the body of your assignment Cabochon (2008) explores a range of themes and ideas†¦ ) full reference details in your reference list Cabochon, M 2008, Maps and legends, Immenseness Books, San Francisco. 1) In-text references An in-text reference is provided each time you refer to ideas or information from another source, and includes the following details: 0 0 the author's famil y name (do not include given names) [authoring body or organization the year of publication page numbers where applicable. There are two main ways to present an in-text reference, as shown below.One way gives prominence to the information by placing the reference at the end of your sentence in brackets: Universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change (Folio 2010, p. 2). Another way gives prominence to the author by placing the reference in the body of your sentence, with the author's name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in brackets: Folio (2010, p. 2) argues that universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change.Including page numbers Page numbers are included when you: pacific page or pages refer to tables, figures, images or present specific information like dates/statistics. Habeas (2007, p. 48) notes that the novelist ‘draws on an established tradition of appropriating the waning for various soci al and political purposes'. If you do these things for a source without pages – e. G. A website – then Just author and year will suffice. 2) The reference list The reference list provides full bibliographic details for all the sources referred to in your assignment so that readers can easily locate them. Each different source referenced in your essay must have a matching entry in your reference list. It is important to note that the reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography lists everything you may have read, while a reference list is deliberately limited to those sources for which you have provided in-text references. A bibliography is not needed unless specifically requested by your lecturer.The reference list is titled References and is: 0 arranged alphabetically by author's family name (or title/sponsoring organization where a source has no author) a single list where books, Journal articles and electronic sources are listed together (see sample referenc e list on p. 6 of this guide). The main elements required for all references are the author, year, title and publication information. Single line spacing required Judd, D, Assistant, K & David, GM 2010, A history of American nursing: trends and eras, Jones and Bartlett, London.Candler, PM, Patton, JAG, Coleman, RE, Egotistical, A, Hackers, FIG & Hoofer, BP 1999, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. Whitewater, R 2009, ‘How can nursing intervention research reduce the research-practice gap? , Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, Volvo. 41, no. 4, up. 7- 15. Leave space between each entry No indentation required in second or subsequent lines of an entry An extract from an essay using the Harvard referencing system Essay extract The literal adaptation of a book to film is practically impossible.As Steam (AAA, p. 4) suggests: The shift from a single-track verbal medium such as the novel to a multi- track medium like film, which can play not only with words (written and spoken) but also with music, sound effects, and moving bibliographic images, explains the unlikelihood and undesirability of literal fidelity. Comments Always provide author, year and page number(s) when quoting. Quotes longer than thirty words are indented both sides, and are one font size smaller. Ellipsis (†¦ Shows one or more words have been omitted.It is puzzling, then, that readers and audiences are so critical of adaptations which take liberties, sometimes for the better, with their source material. Film adaptations of novels are frequently ‘castigated and held to an absurdly rigorous standard of fidelity (Steam Bibb, p. 15). If key scenes from a novel are pruned for film, audiences often react negatively. However, fidelity is not an appropriate measure for evaluating a film adaptation's success, as numerous scholars concur (Despond ; Hawkers 2006; Letch 2008; McFarland 1996; Miller ; Steam 2004). Judging film adaptations is ultimately, Whelan (1999, p . ) contends, ‘an inexact science dogged by value judgments about the relative artistic worth of literature and film'. A fan of a novel might denigrate a film adaptation which alters the original book in some fashion, but their response is highly subjective and fails to take into account the practices and realities of film production (McFarland 2007, p. 26). Sometimes there are grounds for hostility. Author Alan Moore has witnessed a number of his complex graphic novels adapted into shallow Hollywood products, making him extremely critical of filmmakers and the filmmaker process (Assures 2009).However, this kind of attitude can be knee-Jerk and reactionary. Rather than being overly pedantic about textual faithfulness, it is best to approach film adaptations as re-interpretations of their source material (Hutchison 2006, p. 8) or as ‘a permutation of text, an intellectuality (Scariest, cited in Sanders 2006, p. 2). Moreover, new modes of production further complicate exis ting definitions of, and approaches to, adaptation (Moore, MR. 2010, p. 180). So The letters ‘a' and ‘b' have been added to the years here and above to distinguish between different sources by the same author (Steam) published in the same year.Several sources cited at once. Quotes shorter than thirty words are enclosed in single quotation marks. Always provide author, year and page number(s) when paraphrasing a printed source. Internet documents require the same information for the in-text reference (author and year). No page number for electronic sources unless available. Quote from Scariest found in Sanders' work. If authors have similar surnames, include first initials in reference to avoid confusion. 5 References Assures, S 2009, Why Alan Moore hates comic-book movies', Total Film, 2 February, viewed 5 December 2010, .Despond,J & Hawkers, P 2006, Adaptation: studying film and literature, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Hutchison, L 2006, A theory of adaptation, Rutledge, New Yo rk. Letch, T 2008, ‘Adaptation studies at a crossroads', Adaptation, Volvo. 1, no. 1, up. 63-77. McFarland, B 1996, Novel to film: an introduction to the theory of adaptation, Oxford University Press, New York. ? 2007, ‘Reading film and literature', in D Cartel & I Whelan (des), The Cambridge companion to literature on screen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, up. 15-28. Miller, T & Steam, R (des) 2004, A companion to film theory, Blackwell Publishing, viewed 30 October 012, .Moore, MR. 2010, ‘Adaptation and new media', Adaptation, Volvo. 3, no. 2, up. 179- 92. Sanders, J 2006, Adaptation and appropriation, Rutledge, New York. Steam, R AAA, ‘Introduction: the theory and practice of adaptation', in R Steam & A Orange (des), Literature and film: a guide to the theory and practice of film adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, up. 1-52. ? Bibb, Literature through film: realism, magic, and the art of adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden. Whelan, 1 199 9, ‘Adaptations: the contemporary dilemmas', in D Cartel & I Whelan (des), Adaptations: from text to screen, screen to text, Rutledge, London, up. -19. Online newspaper or magazine article Book with two authors Book Journal article Two works by same author, listed chronologically Dash used when more than one work by same author listed Chapter in an edited book Ebook. Two editors Journal article Book from which Serviette's quote taken Two works by same author in same year, listed a and b based on alphabetical order of title of the work Dash used Please note: this extract is from an assignment written in the Humanities. Please refer to published work in your area of study for examples of referencing conventions pacific to your discipline. What if your source does not exactly match any of these examples? This guide of source you need to reference in the pages that follow, and construct your reference in that format using the example(s) provided to guide you. While this guide prov ides a wide range of examples, it is not possible to provide a model for every type of source you might use in your assignments. If you cannot find an exact match for the type of source you need to reference, find examples for similar sources and combine the elements to create the reference you need.For instance, the reference low is for a chapter in an edited document which was found online in PDF form. It has been created through combining aspects of the following types of references: a chapter in an edited book an online document in PDF form. Author/authoring body Year of publication Title of the chapter Editors Title of online document Drunkard, P 2012, ‘The integrated reporting Journey, in C Van deer Lust & D Milan (des), Making investment grade: the future of corporate reporting, United Nations Environment Programmer, Dolomite and the Centre for Corporate Governance in Africa, up. 25-28, viewed 4 December 2012, .Publisher Page numbers of the chapter Date the document was viewed Internet address (URL) If you cannot find comparable reference types, always identify the following components of the source, and arrange them in the order below: author, editor, or authoring body/organization year of publication title publication information. Harvard referencing Unions – Examples Print Includes any materials created for publication in paper form Basic format: Author's family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, Title of book, Author's family name, followed by a comma and initial(s) of any given names, or authoring body.Year of publication, followed by a comma. Title of book in italics, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter in the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places, I. E. Lawrence of Arabia. Gordon, M 2009, Manual of nursing diagnosis, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sturdy, Mass. Place of publication. If more than one place of publication is listed, give only the first listed. If there is another place with the same name, or if the place is little known, add the state or country (abbreviated), e. G. Texas, SLD, or Dully, SLD. Full stop at the end. Publisher, followed by a comma.Type of reference Book with 1 author (this can include a person or an authoring body, e. G. A sponsoring organization) In-text reference examples Cabochon (2008, p. 108) discusses. †¦ Was discussed in the study (Cabochon 2008, p. 108). †¦ A better world (Denied Green Consulting Services 2008, p. 5). Reference list examples Cabochon, M 2008, Maps and legends, Immenseness Books, San Francisco. Denied Green Consulting Services 2008, Capital idea: realizing value from environmental and social performance, Denied Green Consulting Services, North Carlton, Victoria. Further information Type of reference Book with 2 or 3 authorsIn-text reference examples Campbell, Fox and De Swart (2010, p. 46) argue†¦ †¦ Alternatives are preferable (Campbell, Fox & De Swart 2010, p. 46). Reference list e xamples Campbell, E, Fox, R & De Swart, M 2010, Students' guide to legal writing, law exams and self assessment, 3rd den, Federation Press, Sydney. As suggested by Hankie et al. (2006, p. 14)†¦ †¦ Has been suggested (Hankie et al. 2006, p. 14). Hankie, RE, Ova, D, Dillydally, GEL, Waltham, JAR, Shares, SMS, Wagner, RE ; Simmer, MS 2006, Nuclear medicine, 2nd den, Mossy Elsevier, Philadelphia. Book with no date or an approximate dateThis is emphasized by Seas (n. D. ) when†¦ This is emphasized by Seas (c. 2005) when†¦ Seas, R n. D. , Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. Seas, R c. 2005, Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. 2nd or later edition of a book Borrowed and Thompson (2009, p. 33) explain†¦ †¦ Components of filmmaker (Borrowed ; Thompson 2009, p. 33). Scariest (1995) has achieved great currency since its translation. †¦ Is argued as the reason for this tension (Scariest 1995). Borro wed, D ; Thompson, K 2009, Film art: an introduction, 9th den, Mac-Gram Hill, New York.Translated book Scariest,J 1995, New maladies of the soul, trans. R Superman, Columbia University Press, New York. Further information When multiple authors' names are included within your sentence (not in brackets) use the full spelling of ‘and'. When the authors' names are in brackets or in the reference list, use ‘&. When there are 4 or more authors, only use the first author's name in-text followed by the abbreviation et al. But include all names in the reference list. If there is no date use n. D. If there is an approximate date use c. (this meaner ‘circa' – Latin for ‘around/about').The edition number comes erectly after the title in the reference list. Edition is not mentioned in-text. The translator's name is not referenced in-text – it only appears after the title in the reference list. 9 Edited book reference examples Morrison (De. 2010) questions wh ether†¦ It is not clear whether this point supports his previous assertions (De. Morrison 2010). Reference list examples Morrison, D (De. ) 2010, The Cambridge companion to Socrates, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Further information When the editor's name is included within your sentence (not in brackets) place De. In the brackets following their name.When the editor's name is in brackets, put De. Before their name. When editors' names are included within your sentence (not in brackets) use the full spelling of ‘and'. When their names are in brackets or in the reference list, use ‘&. Note the use of ‘des' (no full stop) for multiple editors. When there are 4 or more editors, only use the first editor's name in-text followed by the abbreviation et al. But include all names in the reference list. Edited (De. ), revised (rev. ) or compiled (come. ) book with 2 or 3 editors Greenberg, Pollard and Salubrious (des 2011) are interested in providing a ramekin for†¦. . Is included in this framework (des Greenberg, Pollard ; sailplanes 2011). Greenberg, F, Pollard, N ; Salubrious, D (des) 2011, Occupational therapies without borders: towards an ecology of occupation-based practices, Volvo. 2, Churchill Livingston Elsevier, Edinburgh. Edited book with 4 or more editors In their collection of essays, Barnett et al. (des 2006) explore†¦ †¦ Is explored throughout (des Barnett et al. 2006). Barnett, T, Beriberi, N, Harder, S, Hooking, R ; Outlook, G (des) 2006, London was full of rooms, Lathrup Press, Adelaide. 10 Chapter in an edited bookBasic format: Author's family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, ‘Title of chapter', in Editor's Initial(s) plus family name (De. ), Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, up. X-xx. Author's family name, followed by a comma and initial(s) of any given names, or authoring body. Year of publication, followed by a comma. Title of the chapter in single inverted commas, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter of the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places. Initial(s) and family name of the books editor, followed by (De. ) for one editor and (des) for multiple editors.